Bosons
Subatomic particles possessing integer intrinsic spin that obey Bose-Einstein statistics and do not obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
Governing formula
Spin = 0, 1, 2...
SI unit
Dimensionless Particle Class
In depth
Bosons possess symmetric wave functions under particle exchange (Ψ(1,2) = +Ψ(2,1)). An unlimited number of identical bosons can occupy the exact same quantum state simultaneously, enabling macroscopic quantum phenomena.
Examples in the real world
Photons in laser beams, gluons, W/Z bosons, Higgs bosons, and Cooper pairs in superconductors.