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Kelvin Foundations of Physics K The SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature, defined by fixing the Boltzmann constant to k = 1.380649 × 10⁻²³ J/K. K = °C + 273.15 Kinetic Energy Classical Mechanics J The scalar energy an object possesses by virtue of its motion, proportional to its mass and the square of its speed. KE = ½ m v² Kink & Sausage Instabilities Plasma Physics MHD Instability Modes Ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) macro-instabilities occurring in current-carrying pinched plasma columns. m = 0 (Sausage Mode), m = 1 (Kink Mode) Kirchhoff's Laws Electromagnetism & Electronics A (Current), V (Voltage) Two fundamental circuit analysis laws expressing conservation of electric charge (Current Law) and conservation of energy (Voltage Law). KCL: ∑ I_in = ∑ I_out; KVL: ∑ V = 0