Physics terms starting with G

Graham's Law of Effusion Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics mol/s or m³/s The law stating that rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to square root of its molar mass. Rate1 / Rate2 = √(M2 / M1)

Graphene Condensed Matter & Materials Physics v_F ≈ 10⁶ m/s (Fermi Velocity) A single two-dimensional layer of carbon atoms bound in a hexagonal honeycomb crystal lattice. E(k) = ± ℏ v_F |k| (Dirac Cone Dispersion)

Gravimetry Geophysics & Environmental Physics mGal (Milligals = 10⁻⁵ m/s²) The precise measurement of spatial and temporal variations in Earth's gravitational acceleration field. g_observed = g_theoretical + Δg_FreeAir - Δg_Bouguer + Δg_Terrain

Gravitational Constant Foundations of Physics N·m²/kg² The empirical physical constant relating the gravitational force between two masses to their product and inverse-square separation. G = 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg²

Gravitational Lensing Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity Arcseconds (Angular Deflection) The bending of light rays from a background astronomical source around a massive foreground object acting as a gravitational lens. θ_deflection = (4 G M) / (c² b)

Gravitational Mass Foundations of Physics kg A measure of the strength of the gravitational force exerted or experienced by an object in a gravitational field. m = F_g / g

Gravitational Time Dilation Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity Seconds (Relativistic Time Difference) The phenomenon where time passes measurably slower in regions of lower gravitational potential (stronger gravity). t_0 = t_f √(1 - 2 G M / (r c²))

Gravitational Waves Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity Dimensionless Strain h (10⁻²¹) Ripples in the curvature of spacetime that propagate outward as transverse waves at the speed of light, generated by accelerating asymmetric mass distributions. h_ij = (2 G / (c⁴ r)) (d²I_ij / dt²), Strain h = ΔL / L ~ 10⁻²¹

Gravity Classical Mechanics N The universal attractive force between masses, causing mutual acceleration proportional to mass and inversely proportional to squared distance. Fg = G m1 m2 / r²

Great Attractor Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity M_☉ (Gravitational Anomaly Mass) A massive gravitational anomaly in intergalactic space at the center of the Laniakea Supercluster pulling galaxies across hundreds of millions of light-years. v_peculiar ~ 600 km/s towards Laniakea Supercluster center

Green's Function Mathematical & Computational Physics Impulse Response Function An impulse response function used to solve inhomogeneous linear differential equations subject to specified boundary conditions. L G(x, x') = δ(x - x'), y(x) = ∫ G(x, x') f(x') dx'

Green's Theorem Mathematical & Computational Physics 2D Vector Integral Theorem A 2D vector calculus theorem relating a line integral around a simple closed curve C to a double area integral over the enclosed plane region D. ∮_C (L dx + M dy) = ∬_D ((∂M/∂x) - (∂L/∂y)) dx dy

Greenhouse Effect Geophysics & Environmental Physics °C or Kelvin (Warming Effect) The thermodynamic warming process by which atmospheric greenhouse gases absorb outgoing infrared terrestrial radiation and re-emit it in all directions, raising surface temperatures. T_surface = T_effective (1 + ¾ τ_IR)^(1/4) (Radiative Equilibrium)

Group Theory Mathematical & Computational Physics Symmetry Groups (SO(3), SU(2), SU(3)) The mathematical study of groups and algebraic symmetry structures. Group Axioms: Closure, Associativity, Identity, Inverse

Group Velocity Waves, Oscillations & Acoustics m/s The velocity at which the overall envelope shape of a wave packet travels through space, representing energy transport speed. v_g = dω / dk

Gutenberg Discontinuity Geophysics & Environmental Physics km (Boundary Depth) The major geophysical boundary located at a depth of ~2,890 km marking the sharp transition between Earth's solid mantle and liquid outer core. Depth z ≈ 2890 km (Core-Mantle Boundary D'' Layer)

Gyroradius & Cyclotron Frequency Plasma Physics m (Larmor Radius) & rad/s (Cyclotron Frequency) The helical orbital radius (Larmor radius r_L) and angular frequency (cyclotron frequency ω_c) of a charged particle orbiting a magnetic field line. r_L = (m v_⊥) / (|q| B), ω_c = (|q| B) / m

Terms starting with G