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Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

Event Horizon

The boundary surrounding a black hole beyond which escape velocity exceeds the speed of light, preventing any matter or signal from…

R_s = 2 G M / c² km or m (Boundary Radius) Condensed Matter & Materials Physics

Exciton

A neutral quasiparticle consisting of a conduction electron bound to a valence band hole by electrostatic Coulomb attraction.

E_exciton = E_g - E_b (where E_b = μ e⁴ / (8 ε² h² n²)) eV (Binding Energy) Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

Exoplanet

A planet situated outside the Solar System that orbits a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf.

Transit Depth ΔF / F = (R_planet / R_star)² Earth Masses (M_⊕) or Jupiter Masses (M_J) Quantum & Atomic Physics

Expectation Value

The probabilistic average or expected value of many physical measurements performed on an ensemble of identically prepared quantum states.

⟨A⟩ = ∫ ψ* Â ψ dx / ∫ ψ* ψ dx Same as measured quantity Condensed Matter & Materials Physics

Extrinsic Semiconductor

A semiconductor whose electrical conductivity is dominated by intentional impurity dopants rather than thermal excitation across the band…

n p = n_i² (Mass Action Law) cm⁻³ (Dopant Carrier Density)