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Waves, Oscillations & Acoustics

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Waves, Oscillations & Acoustics

Damped Oscillations

Oscillatory motion whose mechanical energy and amplitude decrease exponentially over time due to dissipative forces like friction or…

x(t) = A exp(-b t / 2m) cos(ω_d t + φ) m
Waves, Oscillations & Acoustics

Decibel Scale

A logarithmic scale used to express sound intensity or sound pressure level relative to a reference threshold.

β = 10 log10(I / I0), I0 = 10⁻¹² W/m² dB
Waves, Oscillations & Acoustics

Doppler Effect

The apparent shift in observed wave frequency caused by relative motion between the wave source and the observer.

f_obs = f_src (v ± v_obs) / (v ∓ v_src) Hz