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Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

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Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Thermal Radiation

The emission of electromagnetic energy from matter due to thermal agitation of its charged constituent particles.

P = ε σ A T⁴ (Stefan-Boltzmann Law) W
Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Thermal Stress

Mechanical stress developed within a material when thermal expansion or contraction is constrained by rigid boundaries.

σ = E α ΔT Pa (N/m²)
Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Third Law of Thermodynamics

The law stating that as system temperature approaches absolute zero (0 K), entropy of a pure crystalline substance approaches a minimum…

lim (T → 0) S = 0 J/K
Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Van der Waals Equation

An equation of state modifying the ideal gas law to account for finite molecular volume and attractive intermolecular forces in real gases.

(P + a n² / V²) (V - n b) = n R T Pa·m³
Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Water Equivalent

The mass of water that absorbs or releases the exact same amount of heat as a calorimeter body for an identical temperature change.

w = m_cal c_cal / c_water kg (or g)
Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Wien's Displacement Law

The physical law stating that peak emission wavelength of a blackbody spectrum is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature.

λ_max T = b ≈ 2.89777 × 10⁻³ m·K m·K
Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

The law stating that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

If T_A = T_C and T_B = T_C, then T_A = T_B N/A