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Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

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Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Heat Engine

A physical device that converts thermal energy absorbed from a high-temperature heat source into mechanical work, discharging waste heat to…

W = Q_hot - Q_cold, η = W / Q_hot W (J/s) Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics

Helmholtz Free Energy

A thermodynamic potential measuring maximum reversible work obtainable from a closed system at constant temperature and volume.

F = U - T S, dF = -S dT - P dV J