Quantum & Atomic Physics

The loss of quantum coherence where interaction between a quantum system and its macro-environment converts a quantum superposition into a…

ρ_offdiag(t) = ρ_offdiag(0) e^(-t / τ_dec) s (Decoherence Time Constant)

Nanometer-scale semiconductor crystals that trap charge carriers in all three spatial dimensions, exhibiting artificial atom quantized…

E_gap(R) = E_bulk + (ℏ² π²) / (2 m_eff R²) nm (Size), eV (Bandgap)

Quantum & Atomic Physics

The relativistic quantum field theory describing how light (photons) and charged matter (electrons/positrons) interact.

L_QED = ψ̄ (i γ^μ D_μ - m) ψ - ¼ F_μν F^μν Relativistic Quantum Field

Quantum & Atomic Physics

A quantum phenomenon in which two or more particles become interconnected such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described…

|Ψ⟩ = (1 / √2) (|0⟩|1⟩ - |1⟩|0⟩) Dimensionless Quantum State

Quantum & Atomic Physics

The quantum mechanical analogue of a classical harmonic oscillator, describing a particle bound in a parabolic potential well V(x) = ½ m ω²…

E_n = (n + ½) ℏ ω, n = 0, 1, 2, 3... eV or Joules

Quantum & Atomic Physics

Linear mathematical operators that act on a wave function to yield physical observables (such as position, momentum, or energy).

p̂ = -i ℏ ∇, x̂ = x, Ĥ = -(ℏ² / (2m)) ∇² + V(x) Varies by Observable

Quantum & Atomic Physics

A core principle of quantum mechanics stating that a quantum system can exist in a linear combination of multiple distinct quantum states…

|Ψ⟩ = α |0⟩ + β |1⟩, |α|² + |β|² = 1 Dimensionless State Vector

Quantum & Atomic Physics

A quantum phenomenon where a particle passes through a potential energy barrier higher than the particle's kinetic energy.

T ≈ exp(-2 k L), k = √(2 m (V₀ - E)) / ℏ Dimensionless (Transmission Probability)