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Quantum & Atomic Physics

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Quantum & Atomic Physics

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

A fundamental quantum limit stating that canonical conjugate physical variables (such as position and momentum, or energy and time) cannot…

Δx Δp ≥ ℏ / 2, ΔE Δt ≥ ℏ / 2 J·s (Action Units)
Quantum & Atomic Physics

Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity

A rule stating that when filling degenerate atomic orbitals, electrons occupy separate orbitals singly with parallel spins before pairing…

S_total = ∑ s_i (Maximized spin in degenerate orbitals) Dimensionless Rule
Quantum & Atomic Physics

Hydrogen Spectrum

The set of discrete electromagnetic emission and absorption lines produced when the electron in a hydrogen atom transitions between energy…

1 / λ = R_H (1 / n_f² - 1 / n_i²) m⁻¹ (Wavenumber)
Quantum & Atomic Physics

Hyperfine Structure

Extremely small energy level splittings in atoms caused by interaction between nuclear magnetic moments and electron magnetic fields.

ΔE_HFS ∝ I_nucleus · J_electron eV or MHz (Small Energy Splitting)