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Quantum & Atomic Physics

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Quantum & Atomic Physics

Electron Spin

An intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, independent of orbital spatial motion.

S = √(s (s + 1)) ℏ, s = ½, S_z = ± ½ ℏ J·s (Spin Angular Momentum) Quantum & Atomic Physics

Expectation Value

The probabilistic average or expected value of many physical measurements performed on an ensemble of identically prepared quantum states.

⟨A⟩ = ∫ ψ* Â ψ dx / ∫ ψ* ψ dx Same as measured quantity