Nuclear & Particle Physics

Subatomic composite hadrons made of three valence quarks held together by gluons, possessing half-integer spin (fermions).

Quark Content: q q q, Spin = ½, ³/₂..., Baryon Number B = 1 Composite Fermion Class

A radioactive decay process mediated by the weak nuclear force in which a nucleus emits a beta particle (electron or positron) and a…

β⁻: n → p + e⁻ + ν̄_e; β⁺: p → n + e⁺ + ν_e MeV (Continuous Spectrum)

Nuclear & Particle Physics

The average energy required to remove a single proton or neutron from an atomic nucleus, representing relative nuclear stability.

BE / A = Total Binding Energy / Mass Number MeV/nucleon

Nuclear & Particle Physics

A specialized nuclear reactor designed to generate more fissile nuclear fuel than it consumes during operation.

²³⁸₉₂U + ¹₀n → ²³⁹₉₂U → ²³⁹₉₃Np → ²³⁹₉₄Pu (Breeding Ratio > 1) Breeding Ratio (Fissile Output / Input)