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Geophysics & Environmental Physics

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Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Thermohaline Circulation

The global deep-ocean density-driven circulation loop powered by surface variations in seawater temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline).

Density ρ = ρ(T, S, P) (Function of Temperature and Salinity) Sv (Sverdrups = 10⁶ m³/s)
Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Tidal Friction

The gravitational interaction where ocean tidal bulges drag ahead of the Earth-Moon axis, causing frictional dissipation of Earth's…

dΩ/dt < 0 (Earth rotation slowing by ~2.3 ms/century) ms/century (Length of Day Increase)
Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Troposphere

The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, extending from the surface up to the tropopause (~7 to 18 km), containing ~80% of atmospheric mass…

dT / dz ≈ -6.5 °C/km (Environmental Lapse Rate) km (Altitude ~0 to 12 km)