Geophysics & Environmental Physics
3 terms
Magnetosphere
Geophysics & Environmental Physics
Earth Radii (R_E ~ 10 R_E sunward)
The region of space surrounding Earth dominated by Earth's geomagnetic field, shielding the planet from harmful solar wind plasma.
Magnetopause Distance R_mp ≈ (B₀² / (2 μ₀ ρ v²))^(1/6)
Mantle Convection
Geophysics & Environmental Physics
cm/year (Convection Motion Speed)
The slow, highly viscous thermal convection currents within Earth's solid silicate mantle transporting internal core heat toward the surface.
Ra = (ρ g α ΔT d³) / (κ η) (Rayleigh Number > Ra_critical)
Milankovitch Cycles
Geophysics & Environmental Physics
Geologic Climate Cycles (Years)
Cyclical variations in Earth's orbital eccentricity, axial tilt (obliquity), and precession that alter the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of solar insolation.
Eccentricity (100ky), Obliquity (41ky), Precession (23ky)