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Geophysics & Environmental Physics

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Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Magnetosphere

The region of space surrounding Earth dominated by Earth's geomagnetic field, shielding the planet from harmful solar wind plasma.

Magnetopause Distance R_mp ≈ (B₀² / (2 μ₀ ρ v²))^(1/6) Earth Radii (R_E ~ 10 R_E sunward) Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Mantle Convection

The slow, highly viscous thermal convection currents within Earth's solid silicate mantle transporting internal core heat toward the…

Ra = (ρ g α ΔT d³) / (κ η) (Rayleigh Number > Ra_critical) cm/year (Convection Motion Speed) Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Milankovitch Cycles

Cyclical variations in Earth's orbital eccentricity, axial tilt (obliquity), and precession that alter the seasonal and latitudinal…

Eccentricity (100ky), Obliquity (41ky), Precession (23ky) Geologic Climate Cycles (Years)