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Geophysics & Environmental Physics

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Geophysics & Environmental Physics

La Niña

The cool climate phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) characterized by abnormally cold sea surface temperatures in the central…

ENSO Index: Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) > 0, Sea Surface Temp Anomaly < -0.5 °C Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly (°C) Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Lehmann Discontinuity

The seismic boundary at a depth of ~5,150 km marking the transition between Earth's liquid outer core and solid inner core.

Depth z ≈ 5150 km (Outer Core - Inner Core Boundary) km (Boundary Depth) Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Lithosphere

The rigid, brittle outermost mechanical shell of Earth comprising the entire crust and uppermost solid mantle.

Elastic Thickness h_e ~ 10–200 km km (Lithospheric Thickness)