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Geophysics & Environmental Physics

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Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Adiabatic Lapse Rate

The rate at which the temperature of a rising or descending air parcel changes as it expands or compresses adiabatically without heat…

Dry: Γ_d = g / c_p ≈ 9.8 °C/km; Moist: Γ_m ≈ 4–7 °C/km °C/km or K/km
Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Albedo

The fraction of total incident solar electromagnetic radiation reflected back into space by a surface or planetary body.

α = Reflected Solar Irradiance / Total Incident Solar Irradiance Dimensionless Fraction (0.0 to 1.0)
Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Asthenosphere

The ductile, mechanically weak, deformable upper mantle layer located directly beneath the rigid lithosphere.

Seismic Low-Velocity Zone (LVZ): Depth ~ 100–250 km Pa·s (Mantle Viscosity ~10¹⁹–10²¹ Pa·s)
Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Atmospheric Aerosols

Microscopic solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the atmosphere originating from natural or human sources.

Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) τ, Direct/Indirect Radiative Effect μg/m³ (Concentration)
Geophysics & Environmental Physics

Auroral Oval

An elliptical ring-shaped belt around Earth's magnetic poles where energetic magnetospheric electrons precipitate into the upper atmosphere…

Excitation: e⁻ + O → O* → O + h ν (557.7 nm Green Light) Degrees Latitude (~60°–70° Geomagnetic Latitude)