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Electromagnetism & Electronics

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Electromagnetism & Electronics

Parallel Circuit

An electrical circuit topology in which components are connected across common voltage nodes, offering multiple parallel paths for current.

1 / R_total = (1/R₁) + (1/R₂) + (1/R₃), V_total = V₁ = V₂ = V₃ Ω (Ohms)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Paramagnetism

A weak form of magnetism in which materials with unpaired electrons are weakly attracted into an external magnetic field.

χ_m = C / T (Curie's Law) Dimensionless (χ_m > 0)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Power Factor

The ratio of real power dissipated by an AC circuit to the apparent power delivered by the supply.

PF = cos φ = P_real / S_apparent = R / Z Dimensionless (0 to 1)
Electromagnetism & Electronics

Poynting Vector

A vector representing the directional energy flux density (power per unit area) transported by an electromagnetic field.

S = (1 / μ₀) (E × B) W/m² (Watts per square meter)