Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

The maximum mass that a stable white dwarf star can support against gravitational collapse via electron degeneracy pressure.

M_Ch ≈ 1.4 M_☉ (1.44 Solar Masses) Solar Masses (M_☉)

A cosmological theory proposing a brief phase of exponential spatial expansion in the early universe (~10⁻³⁶ to 10⁻³² seconds after the Big…

a(t) = a₀ e^(H t) (Exponential scale factor growth) Ultra-early Epoch (t ~ 10⁻³⁶ s)

Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

The electromagnetic thermal radiation leftover from the recombination epoch of the early universe (~380,000 years after the Big Bang).

T_CMB = 2.72548 ± 0.00057 K, λ_peak ≈ 1.06 mm Kelvin (2.725 K Blackbody)

Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

Hypothetical 1D subatomic-width topological line defects that may have formed during GUT phase transitions in the early universe.

Linear Mass Density G μ / c² ~ 10⁻⁶ 1D Topological Defect

Astrophysics, Cosmology & Relativity

The stretching of photon wavelengths to longer, redder values as light travels across the expanding space of the universe.

z = (λ_observed - λ_emitted) / λ_emitted, 1 + z = a(t_obs) / a(t_emit) Dimensionless Quantity (z)